Grammar Reference

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Master the past perfect tense — had + past participle for actions completed before another past event.

How to report what someone said — tense backshift rules, pronouns, time expressions, and special cases.

How to use mixed conditionals to connect an imaginary past with the present, or an imaginary present with the past.

How to use wish and if only to talk about present situations, past regrets and things that annoy you, and how wish differs from hope.

How to form and use the future continuous (will be doing) and the future perfect (will have done), with by, by the time and time clauses.

The difference between used to (past habits), be used to (familiar with) and get used to (becoming familiar), plus would for past habits.

How to use must, may, might, could and can't to say how sure you are about the present and the past.

How to use have something done and get something done when another person does a job for you, in every tense.

How to show contrast with although, even though, though, despite, in spite of, however and whereas, with the right grammar and punctuation.

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